Prefacexvii
Acknowledgementsxix
Usingthisbookxxi
Commonlyusedabbreviationsxxii
Section1
PresentingComplaints1
1.1Abortion3
1.2Alopecia4
1.3Alteredbehaviour7
1.4Alteredconsciousness10
1.5Anorexia/hyporexia/inappetence12
1.6Anosmia14
1.7Anuria/oliguria15
1.8Ataxia17
1.9Bleeding19
1.10Blindness21
1.11Constipation23
1.12Cornealopacity25
1.13Coughing26
1.14Deafness29
1.15Diarrhoea30
1.15.1Acutediarrhoea31
1.15.2Chronicdiarrhoea34
1.16Drooling38
1.17Dysphagia39
1.18Dyspnoea/tachypnoea41
1.19Dysuria44
1.20Dystocia46
1.21Epistaxis48
1.22Exerciseintolerance49
1.23Faecalincontinence51
1.24Flatulence/borborygmi52
1.25Haematemesis54
1.26Haematochezia55
1.27Haematuriaanddiscolouredurine57
1.28Haemoptysis60
1.29Halitosis61
1.30Headtilt62
1.31Melaena64
1.32Nasaldischarge66
1.33Nystagmus67
1.34Paresis/paralysis69
1.35Perinataldeath70
1.36Polyphagia72
1.37Polyuria/polydipsia(PU/PD)73
1.38Preputialdischarge77
1.39Pruritus78
1.40Redeye(andpinkeye)80
1.41Regurgitation81
1.42Seizures84
1.43Sneezing86
1.44Stiffness,jointswellingandgeneralisedlameness87
1.45Stunting89
1.46Tenesmusanddyschezia91
1.47Tremors92
1.48Urinaryincontinence94
1.49Vomiting96
1.50Vulvaldischarge98
1.51Weakness,collapseandsyncope100
1.52Weightgain/obesity104
1.53Weightloss105
Section2
PhysicalAbnormalities109
2.1Abdominalenlargement111
2.2Abdominalmasses113
2.3Abnormallungsounds115
2.4Arrhythmias118
2.5Ascites121
2.6Cyanosis124
2.7Eyelesions126
2.8Hepatomegaly129
2.9Horner’ssyndrome131
2.10Hypertension133
2.11Hypotension134
2.12Hypothermia135
2.13Icterus/jaundice136
2.14Lymphadenopathy139
2.15Murmur140
2.16Oralmasses141
2.17Pain142
2.17.1Abdominalpain142
2.17.2Generalisedpain146
2.18Pallor147
2.19Perineallesions148
2.20Peripheraloedema149
2.21Pleuraleffusion151
2.22Pneumothorax154
2.23Prostatomegaly154
2.24Pulseabnormalities1562.25Pyrexiaandhyperthermia158
2.26Skinlesions160
2.27Skinpigmentationchanges167
2.28Splenomegaly169
2.29Stomatitis171
2.30Stridorandstertor172
Section3
LaboratoryAbnormalities175
3aBiochemicaltests177
3.1Acid–base177
3.2Ammonia178
3.3Amylaseandlipase179
3.4Azotaemia180
3.5Bileacids181
3.6Bilirubin182
3.7Calcium182
3.7.1Hypercalcaemia182
3.7.2Hypocalcaemia183
3.8Cardiacbiomarkers184
3.8.1N-terminalproB-typenatriureticpeptide(NT-proBNP)184
3.8.2TroponinI185
3.9Chloride186
3.9.1Hyperchloraemia186
3.9.2Hypochloraemia186
3.10Cobalamin187
3.11Cortisol(basal)188
3.12Creatinekinase189
3.13Creatinine189
3.14C-reactiveprotein(CRP)1903.15Folate191
3.16Fructosamine191
3.17Glucose192
3.17.1Hyperglycaemia192
3.17.2Hypoglycaemia193
3.18Ironprofile194
3.19Lipids195
3.19.1Hyperlipidaemiaandhypercholesterolaemia195
3.19.2Hypocholesterolaemia196
3.20Liverenzymes196
3.20.1Hepatocellularmarkerenzymes196
3.20.1AAlanineaminotransferase(ALT)197
3.20.1BAspartateaminotransferase(AST)1973.20.1COtherhepatocellularenzymes197
3.20.2Cholestaticmarkerenzymes197
3.20.2AAlkalinephosphatase(ALPorALKP)198
3.20.2BGamma-glutamyltransferase(GGT)198
3.21Pancreaticlipase(cPL)1983.22Phosphate199
3.22.1Hyperphosphataemia199
3.22.2Hypophosphataemia200
3.23Potassium200
3.23.1Hyperkalaemia200
3.23.2Hypokalaemia201
3.24Sodium202
3.24.1Hypernatraemia202
3.24.2Hyponatraemia202
3.25Symmetricdimethylarginine(SDMA)2033.26Thyroidhormone204
3.27Totalprotein(albuminandglobulin)206
3.27.1Hyperproteinaemia206
3.27.1AHyperalbuminaemia206
3.27.1BHyperglobulinaemia206
3.27.2Hypoproteinaemia207
3.27.2AHypoalbuminaemia207
3.27.2BHypoglobulinaemia207
3.28Trypsin-likeimmunoreactivity(TLI)2083.29Urea208
3bHaematology210
3.30Redbloodcells(RBCs)2103.30.1Anaemia210
3.30.2Erythrocytosis213
3.31Platelets214
3.31.1Thrombocytopenia214
3.31.2Thrombocytosis215
3.32Whitebloodcells(WBCs)2163.32.1Leukocytosis216
3.32.2Leukopenia217
3.33Pancytopenia218
3cUrinalysis219
3.34Biochemicalanalysis219
3.34.1Protein219
3.34.2Bilirubin219
3.34.3Glucose219
3.34.4Haem220
3.34.5Ketones220
3.35Sediment220
3.35.1Redbloodcells220
3.35.2Whitebloodcells220
3.35.3Epithelialcells221
3.35.4Crystals221
3.35.5Tubularcasts221
3.35.6Waxycast221
3.36Urineprotein:creatinine(UPC)ratio221
3.37Urinespecificgravity(USG)222
Section4
ImagingPatterns223
4.1Abdomen225
4.1.1Radiography225
4.1.1AAbdominalenlargementandmass(es)225
4.1.1bCalcification(bone/mineraldensity)225
4.1.1cExtra-intestinalgas228
4.1.1DGasdilationofGItract2294.1.1eLossofcontrast/peritonealdetail/serosaldetail230
4.1.1fMetaldensities230
4.1.1GOrgandisplacement231
4.1.1HOrganomegalyorchangeinshape231
4.1.2Ultrasound232
4.1.2AFreeabdominalfluid232
4.1.2bLymphadenopathy–mesenteric/inguinal/sublumbar232
4.2Bone234
4.2.1Bonedeformities234
4.2.2Bonedensitychanges234
4.2.2ADecreasedbonedensity(osteopenia)234
4.2.2bIncreasedbonedensity235
4.2.3Bonelucenciesandproliferativelesions236
4.3Thorax239
4.3.1Alveolarpattern239
4.3.2Bronchialpattern239
4.3.3Changesincardiacoutlineandpulmonaryvasculature240
4.3.4Interstitialpattern244
4.3.5Lossofdetail245
Section5
OrganSystems247
5.1Alimentarysystem249
5.1.1Oropharynx252
5.1.1ACraniomandibularosteopathy252
5.1.1bCricopharynealachalasia253
5.1.1CMasticatorymyositis253
5.1.1DOralneoplasia254
5.1.1eStomatitis255
5.1.2Salivaryglands255
5.1.2AHypersialosis/salivaryglandinfarction/sialoadenitis256
5.1.3Oesophagus256
5.1.3AForeignbody257
5.1.3bMegaoesophagus(MO)258
5.1.3COesophagitis261
5.1.3DSlidinghiatalhernia262
5.1.3eStricture263
5.1.4Stomach264
5.1.4AAcutegastritis265
5.1.4bChronicgastritis267
5.1.4CGastriccarcinoma268
5.1.4DGastricdilatation-volvulus(GDV)269
5.1.4eDelayedgastricemptying270
5.1.4fGastriculcer272
5.1.5Smallintestine273
5.1.5.1Acutesmallintestinaldiseases274
5.1.5.1AAcuteenteritis275
5.1.5.1bAcutehaemorrhagicdiarrhoeasyndrome(AHDS)/haemorrhagicgastroenteritis(HGE)276
5.1.5.1CBacterialenteritis277
5.1.5.1DParvovirosis278
5.1.5.1eSmallintestinalobstruction280
5.1.5.2Chronicsmallintestinaldiseases281
5.1.5.2AAlimentarylymphoma(AL)282
5.1.5.2bAntibiotic-responsivediarrhoea(ARD)283
5.1.5.2CChronicinflammatoryenteropathy(CIE)285
5.1.5.2DDietarysensitivity287
5.1.5.2eIntestinalparasitism288
5.1.5.2fIntestinalprotozoalinfections291
5.1.5.2GLymphangiectasia292
5.1.6Largeintestine293
5.1.6AAcutecolitis294
5.1.6bChroniccolitis295
5.1.6CConstipation297
5.1.6DGranulomatous(histiocyticulcerative)colitis298
5.1.6eLargeintestinalneoplasia298
5.1.7Pancreas299
5.1.7AAcutepancreatitis300
5.1.7bChronicpancreatitis302
5.1.7CExocrinepancreaticinsufficiency(EPI)303
5.2Cardiovascularsystem305
5.2.1Acquiredcardiacdiseases310
5.2.1AArrhythmogenicrightventricularcardiomyopathy(ARVC)310
5.2.1bDilatedcardiomyopathy(DCM)311
5.2.1CHeartwormdisease/dirofilariasis314
5.2.1DMyxomatousmitralvalvedisease316
5.2.2Congenitalcardiacdiseases318
5.2.2AAorticstenosis318
5.2.2bMitralvalvedysplasia319
5.2.2CPatentductusarteriosus321
5.2.2DPulmonicstenosis322
5.2.2eTetralogyoffallot324
5.2.2fTricuspiddysplasia325
5.2.2GVentricularseptaldefect326
5.2.3Congestiveheartfailure(CHF)328
5.2.3ALeft-sidedcongestiveheartfailure330
5.2.3bRight-sidedcongestiveheartfailure331
5.2.4Arrhythmias332
5.2.4.1Bradyarrhythmias333
5.2.4.1AAtrialstandstill333
5.2.4.1bAtrioventricular(AV)block333
5.2.4.1CSinusbradycardia336
5.2.4.1DSinusarrest336
5.2.4.1eSicksinussyndrome336
5.2.4.2Tachyarrhythmias337
5.2.4.2ASinustachycardia337
5.2.4.2bSupraventriculartachyarrhythmias338
5.2.4.2CVentriculartachyarrhythmias340
5.2.5Pericardialdiseases343
5.2.5.APericardialeffusion343
5.2.5.BPeritonealpericardialdiaphragmatichernia(PPDH)346
5.3Endocrinesystem347
5.3.1Diabetesinsipidus(DI)347
5.3.2Diabetesmellitus(DM)350
5.3.3Growthhormonedisorders354
5.3.3AAcromegaly(hypersomatotropism)354
5.3.3bPituitarydwarfism355
5.3.4Adrenalglanddisorders356
5.3.4AHyperadrenocorticism(HAC)356
5.3.4bHypoadrenocorticism(Addison’sdisease)360
5.3.5Hypothyroidism364
5.3.6Insulinoma367
5.3.7Parathyroiddiseases368
5.3.7APrimaryhyperparathyroidism(PHPT)368
5.3.7bHypoparathyroidism369
5.4Haemopoieticsystem371
5.4.1Anaemiaofchronickidneydisease(CKD)371
5.4.2Immune-mediatedhaemolyticanaemia(IMHA)373
5.4.3Iron-deficiencyanaemia377
5.4.4Lymphoidleukaemia378
5.4.5Otherhaemopoieticneoplasms379
5.4.6Leukopenia380
5.4.7Thrombosis380
5.5Haemostaticsystem383
5.5.1Anticoagulantrodenticidepoisoning386
5.5.2Disseminatedintravascularcoagulation(DIC)388
5.5.3FactorVIIIdeficiency(haemophiliaA)390
5.5.4Hyperfibrinolysis391
5.5.5Immune-mediatedthrombocytopenia(IMTP)392
5.5.6vonWillebranddisease393
5.5.7Vasculitis395
5.6Hepatobiliarysystem397
5.6.1Chronichepatitis(CH)/cirrhosis399
5.6.2Cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis400
5.6.3Cholecystitis401
5.6.4Congenitalporto-systemicshunt(PSS)402
5.6.5Copper-associatedchronichepatitis404
5.6.6Extra-hepaticbileductobstruction(EHBDO)404
5.6.7Gallbladdermucocoele405
5.6.8Hepaticneoplasia407
5.6.9Infectiouscaninehepatitis408
5.6.10Nodularhyperplasia408
5.6.11Portalveinhypoplasia(PVH)409
5.6.11AMicrovasculardysplasia(MVD)409
5.6.11bNon-cirrhoticportalhypertension/juvenilehepaticfibrosis410
5.6.12Steroidhepatopathy410
5.6.13Vacuolar/reactivehepatopathy411
5.7Immunesystem413
5.7.1(Auto)immune-mediateddisorders414
5.7.1.1Immune-mediatedpolyarthritis(IMPA)414
5.7.1.2Immunodeficiency415
5.7.1.2ACanineleukocyteadhesiondeficiency(CLAD)416
5.7.1.2BCyclichaematopoiesis(cyclicneutropenia)416
5.7.1.2CHereditaryselectivecobalaminmalabsorption(Imerslund-Gräsbecksyndrome)417
5.7.1.2DImmunoglobulindeficiency417
5.7.1.2ETrappedneutrophilsyndrome418
5.7.1.3Lymphadenitis418
5.7.1.4Systemiclupuserythematosus(SLE)420
5.7.2Neoplasiaofimmunecells420
5.7.2.1Lymphoma420
5.7.2.2Mastcelltumour(MCT)422
5.7.2.3Multiplemyeloma424
5.7.2.4Thymoma424
5.8Neurologicalsystem427
5.8.1Cerebrovasculardisease429
5.8.2Corticosteroid-responsivetremorsyndrome430
5.8.3Hydrocephalus431
5.8.4Idiopathicepilepsy431
5.8.5Idiopathicheadtremor433
5.8.6Idiopathicvestibulardisease434
5.8.7Infectiousdiseasesaffectingthenervoussystem435
5.8.8Movementdisorders436
5.8.9Meningoencephalitisofunknownorigin(MUO)437
5.8.10Myastheniagravis(MG)438
5.8.11Neoplasiaoftheneurologicalsystem439
5.8.12Polyradiculoneuritis441
5.8.13Steroid-responsivemeningitis-arteritis(SRMA)442
5.9Reproductivesystem445
5.9.1Mammaryglanddisease445
5.9.1aMastitis446
5.9.1bMammaryneoplasia446
5.9.2Ovarianremnantsyndrome447
5.9.3Prostaticdisease448
5.9.4Pseudocyesis(falsepregnancy)449
5.9.5Pyometra450
5.9.6Testicularneoplasia451
5.9.7Vaginitis452
5.10Respiratorysystem455
5.10.1Nasaldisorders457
5.10.1AChronicidiopathicrhinitis457
5.10.1bSinonasalaspergillosis(fungalrhinitis)458
5.10.2Upper-airwaydisorders459
5.10.2ABrachycephalicobstructiveairwaysyndrome(BOAS)459
5.10.2bInfectioustracheobronchitis460
5.10.2CLaryngealparalysis461
5.10.2DTrachealcollapse462
5.10.2eTracheobronchialforeignbody464
5.10.3Lower-airwaydisorders464
5.10.3AChronicbronchitis465
5.10.3bEosinophilicbronchopneumopathy465
5.10.3CLungworm(Angiostronglylusvasorum)4665.10.4Pulmonaryparenchymaldisease468
5.10.4APneumonia468
5.10.4bNon-cardiogenicpulmonaryoedema469
5.10.4CPulmonaryfibrosis470
5.10.4DPulmonaryneoplasia471
5.10.5Pleuralspacedisease473
5.10.5AIdiopathicchylothorax473
5.10.5bPneumothorax474
5.10.5CPyothorax475
5.11Systemicinfections477
5.11.1Anaplasmosis479
5.11.2Babesiosis480
5.11.3Borreliosis(LymeDisease)481
5.11.4Brucellosis482
5.11.5Distemper484
5.11.6Ehrlichiosis485
5.11.7Hepatozoonosis486
5.11.8Leishmaniosis487
5.11.9Leptospirosis489
5.11.10Neosporosis491
5.11.11Rabies492
5.11.12Toxoplasmosis493
5.12Urinarysystem495
5.12.1Kidneydiseases495
5.12.1AAcutekidneyinjury497
5.12.1bChronickidneydisease499
5.12.1CGlomerulardisorders501
5.12.1DPyelonephritis503
5.12.1eRenaltubulardisorders504
5.12.2Lowerurinarytractdiseases506
5.12.2AFunctionaldisordersofurination507
5.12.2bNeoplasiaoftheurinarysystem508
5.12.2CUrethritis509
5.12.2DUrinarytractinfection(UTI)510
5.12.2eUrolithiasis511
Abbreviations513
Index519
